ABSTRACT
The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the COVID-19 epidemic. SARS-CoV-2 accesses host cells by ACE2, which is abundantly expressed in the heart, kidneys, and lungs and shed into the plasma. Many SARS-CoV-2 patients' neutralizing antibody titers and memory B cell responses may be transient, exposing them to re-infection. Notably, neutralizing antibody titers and the number of virus-specific T cells had a substantial relationship. Our findings lay the groundwork for additional research into protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and the etiology of COVID-19, particularly in severe instances. The most important characteristic of our findings a positive correlation between all parameters (cellular and humoral) and COVID-19 patients compared with healthy group excepting neutrophil cells where no significant difference was observed between the two groups. Lymphopenia and elevated levels of specific cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, have been linked to illness severity in general. T cells are thought to play a key role in the first immune response. In extreme situations, a significant drop in T cell counts is virtually always detected. We observed that lymphocytes were significantly decreased (p < 0.001) in COVID-19 patients (630±0.7678) cells/mm3, as compared to healthy controls (2247±0.1497), Generally COVID-19 patients at severe stage suffering leucopenia and stimulate neutrophils to reduce formazan dye. On the other hand significant increase was recorded in cytokines storm that Hyper-production of mostly pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-, which selectively target lung tissue, can significantly impair the prognosis in the most severe cases. Average of IL6, IL-10, TNF- α were significantly increased (p < 0.001) in COVID-19 patients (38.2±6.228, 94.87±8.426, 23.61±4.13 pg/ml), as compared to healthy controls (2.66±0.21, 8.06±0.85, 10.53±1.13 pg/ml) respectively. Gene expression of ACE2 significantly decreased at P <0.001 in severe patients to (0.1262±0.0072) whereas reported (1) for healthy controls, thus Fold of expression 7.92 (down regulation). Their impact on results will aid in the development of more effective COVID-19 management strategies. © 2022 Universidad Tecnica de Manabi. All Rights Reserved.